Social Constructionism versus Essentialism A Rightful View on the Expression of Humans With Regards Sexuality and the Issues Pertaining to It Essay Example

Social Constructionism versus Essentialism: A Rightful View on the Expression of Humans With Regards Sexuality and the Issues Pertaining to It Essay People are primarily brought up in a society where people are supposed to live within the rules that the majority considers to be right. These rules are mostly referred to as social norms. These particular rules primarily shape the ways by which the society usually view what is particularly right and separating them from what is viewed as something wrong.   Social philosophy primarily refer to this particular regulatory arrangement of the norms as either essentialism or social constructionism. People are primarily urged to simply follow certain rules without actually questioning them simply because of the fact that the said rules are what actually shape the society that they are primarily living with. However, changes happen. This is the reason why the social norms for about ten years before the present time may not be effective anymore.As the views of living are changing, so are the norms developing in an aim of revolutionizing the ways by which people particularly live with. How do these changes happen? And how are they eventually accepted by the society who used to avoid certain situations and human actions that are now considered to be normal and simply expressive in terms of the human art? These questions shall be discussed fully within the paragraphs that follow through differentiating what social constructionism is from that of essentialism.The Social Theories and their Effect of Norms of Human SexualityEssentialism has been referred to as a factor that secures certain rules in the society in becoming more stabilized and unchangeable[1]. Most likely, this shall support the fact that there are certain social traditions that are still kept in preservation through cultural application of the different countries around the world simply because they are considered â€Å"essential† for the human growth.   On the other hand, social constructionism is the way by which the human society tend to develop their ways to be able to cater to the needs of the people during the present era that they are dealing with[2]. This process is pointed by social psychologists as one of the reasons by which people intend to revolutionize or liberate their ways of living.From this particular presentation of both social theories, it could be noted that social constructionism could actually be pointed as one of the most explainable reasons why people of the earlier generation have a great difference in viewing human sexuality compared to how the people at present view the said issue. To understand better, what really is sexuality? According to Brian Caroll â€Å"sexuality is simply the artistic way by which a person presents himself to the society: it is the inner expression of one’s deepest desires that primarily makes up a person the way that he is†[3]. This statement indeed points out the fact that several people view sexuality as something more than a fleshly desire that is kept within a person’s inner self, which was origina lly the belief accepted by the society before. Today, people believe that the more they express themselves, the more they become true and satisfied with the way they leave. Gone are the days when people used to concentrate on being simply â€Å"secretive† on the part of their personal satisfaction and desires. Now, sexuality is viewed as the very factor that makes up a person who he really is. With which, it has been derived that expressing one’s sexuality is becoming true to ones’ own being.As one of the results of this particular social theory, homosexuality and the recognition of the third-sex community has been established during the late 1980’s towards the early 1990’s[4]. Liberalization of beliefs and traditions with regards the said group of people began to progress making the used-to-be unaccepted gender an accepted and even recognized group of   population in the present times. It could not be denied too that this particular recognition caused for the increase of people becoming lesbians or gays in ratings every year. The opening of the employment industry to the said selection of gender have even increased the possibility by which the said sector of the society would be widely accepted in terms of political and social power in the future. [5]ConclusionThrough the presentation shown above, it could be observed that essentialism is a long forgotten theory that the society seldom apply in terms of recognizing practical traditions that apply to their wants and needs at present. People particularly want to see some changes every now and then. From this particular claim, it could be derived and understood that people are to expect still massive changes within human sexuality in the future. Among the changes include women becoming more aggressive than men, homosexuals being totally free from the restrictions given to them by the society and so many others. Knowing this though should help people realize that social constr uctionism does not always bring great results for the society.   Most likely, viewing the situation in a balanced view would imply the need of implementing both essentialism and social constructionism in a balanced procedure that would much help the human society progress towards a more improved and not less-moralized civilization in the future.

Osmosis Lab Report Essay Example

Osmosis Lab Report Essay Example Osmosis Lab Report Paper Osmosis Lab Report Paper Osmosis Lab Report Hypothesis: Osmosis will occur when there is an uneven distribution of solute in a solvent. The higher the solute in solvent, then there will be a higher rate of osmosis through the diffusion gradient forming a hypertonic or hypotonic solution. Solvent with equal or no solute forms an isotonic solution. Materials: Distilled water, sucrose, dialysis tubing, string, 250 ml beaker. Procedure: To demonstrate and isotonic solution we needed 3 inches of dialysis tubing. We tied off one end of the dialysis tubing to create a bag, filled it with distilled water, and tie of other end to close. The bag is carefully blotted to remove any water spilled during the filling and then weighed and recorded for an initial mass. Then we filled a 250 ml beaker with only distilled water. Immerse the bag in the beaker of distilled water and let stand for 30 minutes. After 30 minutes we removed the bag from beaker and carefully blot excess water to determine final mass. No difference in mass shows that no passage of water through dialysis membrane resulting in an isotonic solution. To demonstrate a hypertonic solution we used another 3 inch dialysis tubing. We tied one end of the dialysis tubing to create a bag. Fill it with distilled water and 3 drops of sucrose. We tied off the other end leaving sufficient space for expansion of contents in the bag. The bag is carefully blotted to remove any water spilled during the filling and then weighed and recorded for an initial mass. Then we filled a 250 ml beaker with only distilled water, and immersed the bag in the beaker and let stand for 30 minutes. After 30 minutes we removed the bag from beaker and carefully blot excess water to determine final mass. An increase in mass after weighing shows the passing of water inside dialysis tubing from low concentration (beaker w/ only water) to higher concentration (bag w/ sucrose) of solute. Finally, to demonstrate a hypotonic solution we used a 3 inch dialysis tubing. We tied one end of the dialysis tubing to create a bag. We filled it with only distilled water and tied off the other end. The bag is carefully blotted to remove any water spilled during the filling and then weighed and recorded for an initial mass. Then we filled a 250 ml baker with distilled water and 3 drops of sucrose. Immerse bag in the beaker and let stand for 30 minutes. After 30 minutes we remove the bag from the beaker and carefully blot excess water to determine final mass. A decrease in mass after weighing shows the passing of water out of the dialysis tubing to the beaker. Conclusion: the experiment of isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic solution demonstrate osmosis as the passage of solvent from a more dilute to a more concentrated solution through a membrane that is more permeable to water than to a solute.

Super size me Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Super size me - Essay Example Over a 30-day period, Spurlock further stops any and all exercise routines to further reflect the impact of McDonalds foods on human physiology. Outside of the physical effects, the film illustrates how the media impacts consumers to reflect what Spurlock believes is an unacceptable method of coercing Americans to indulge in fast food. Throughout the course of the film, Spurlock examines several decades worth of television commercials released by McDonalds since the 1970s, in order to depict how the media is able to coerce both children and adults into eating at the fast food chain. These commercials depict playful animated characters, who dance and sing with the prospect of being taken to McDonalds to indulge in greasy food (Sowers, 2006). From a psychological perspective, Spurlock comes to realize that McDonalds is using visual imagery, in the pursuit of stimulating a pleasurable connection between the fast food company and its menu items. Further, in the film, the well-known character, Ronald McDonald, is shown as a leader to children, engaging in pleasurable activities such as community basketball and various sporting events. This tends to indicate, to a less-sophisticated person in terms of identifying media influences, that McDonalds is a community-minded organization and that implicit trust should be given to the chain because of their charming spokesperson. Outside of the visual imagery, Spurlock further points out non-print media attempts to build a stronger loyalty to McDonalds with the insertion of signs and banners, all over the United States (and released by McDonalds), which promote the need to super size meals. Supersizing involves increasing the food portions by a significant margin, thus increasing the fat and caloric value of the food. Though Spurlock is somewhat biased in his approach to the film, he maintains a

Discharge plan and Legislation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Discharge plan and Legislation - Essay Example A typical scenario involves the screening of hospital records for Mr. Sharma within 24 hours of admission to identify if he is a high risk patient who requires discharge planning. A typical high risk criteria might include factors like being age 65 and older and living alone with no immediate social supports. Prior to being admitted to the hospital Mr. Sharma had a care giver who visited morning and evening. This is expected to continue after discharge. However, there are additional complications that will require the need for additional assistance. Mr. Sharma is now recovering from a stroke and is undergoing therapy to help in the process. Additionally, Mr. Sharma has a wound which he acquired on getting the stroke. This wound is slow to heal. Further, Mr. Sharma has mild osteo-arthritis which appears stable but may later cause pains and therefore curtain his movements significantly. This discharge plan relates to 87 year old Mr. Sharma who has a history of minor strokes, Type 2 dia betes which is diet controlled; and a past history of hypertension which has been well controlled with the use of the medication, bendrofluumethiazide. Mr. Sharma also has mild osteo-arthritis which appears stable. In his recent bout of stroke Mr. Sharma stumbled and fell resulting in a wound to his leg. The wound became infected and has been slow to heal. Additionally, on his admission to hospital Mr. Sharma’s blood sugar level was raised to 10mmol g per litre. Mr Sharma has been in hospital for the past ten days and based on the results of tests has made a good recovery. He is very keen on going back home and so it is important that a proper discharge plan be done. This plan should include health care officials at the hospital, social services, his caregiver, Mr. Sharma and his family. During discharge from hospital the Caregiver for Mr. Sharma should be consulted. The caregiver’s comments should be taken into consideration and both Mr. Sharma and his caregiver shoul d receive a copy of the discharge plan for Mr. Sharma detailing the care that is required. According to the British Geriatrics Society (2006), older people who have been discharged from hospital and are living in a community have higher levels of dependency as well as more complex health and social care needs than other patient groups. Mr Sharma is 87 and falls in this group. He has complex problems which include hypertension, Type 2 diabetes and a wound to his leg which he obtained when he stumbled after suffering a recent stroke. This infection has been slow to heal. There is no present sign of infection but it will require special care on discharge. There are a number of problems that 87 year old Mr. Sharma is likely to face on discharge, some of which should be dealt with before discharge. They include management of diet, exercise, wound care to prevent re-infection, and proper use of medication. It has been suggested that Mr. Sharma starts to attend a local Expert Patient Progr amme in his community which will be organised by the community matron. This will have an impact on planning. Discharge arrangements are dependent on social services, health authorities, NHS trusts and primary care groups/trusts BGS (2006). Mr. Sharma should be involved early in the assessment process and care plans should offer them real choice. Carers are also entitled by law to receive if they require an

The Last Night of Ballyhoo by Alfred Uhry Essay

The Last Night of Ballyhoo by Alfred Uhry - Essay Example Adolf Hitler Nazism began to pose a threat to world civilization. By 1941 United States officially had joined World War II. Against this political background The Last Night of Ballyhoo by Alfred Uhry is set in position. This play is set in the upper class German Jewish society. The background is placed in Atlanta 1939 where Jews comprised a prominent minority group coping in a Christian society. The self or rather the search for the self is exemplified for the lack of a strong sense of a self can be nebulous when ones placed in the current social structure. As Uhry said, â€Å"The Olympics commissioned me to write a play through the Alliance Theatre. It occurred to me the day they asked me that I could write about the last time Atlanta was in the spotlight which, to me, was when Gone with the Wind opened. I realized it was 1939 and I had Scarlett and I had Hitler, and it would be a good way to get at this thing I wanted to do†¦.† (Shewey, 1997) The play opens in the living room of the Freitag/Levy home. The tone and mood is a homely and family centered approach. Lala is found decorating the Christmas tree as it is the Christmas season. Here the Christmas tree signifies the orthodox of Christianity but for the Freitag/Levy home the Christmas tree stand as a symbol for the season which is devoid of any religious sentiments and the star symbolizing the birth of the Messiah; therefore a Jewish Christmas tree should have no star. As Boo states, â€Å"then everybody that drives down Habersham road will think we’re a bunch of Jewish fools pretending we’re Christians† (Uhry, 1997) The two important aspects are the premier of Gone with the wind and the last night of Ballyhoo which dominated the atmosphere of the play. Lala’s attitude is so apt, instead of arguing about the Christmas tree one should be celebrating the season. But on the contrary, Lala states that one should celebrate because Clark Gable was in town for the premier

The Positives And Negatives Of Pay For Performance Nursing Essay

The Positives And Negatives Of Pay For Performance Nursing Essay The purpose of this research essay will discuss aspects concerning the effects of pay-for-performance policies on quality improvement. The pay-for-performance policies are continually a debated issue concerning quality of care. This incentive program could open doors in a positive or negative way, but P4P, may lead to results of improving the quality of care; which the research in this essay will assess and analyse these perspectives. Also, reflect on pay-for-performance programs; will be a crucial aspect in the paper. Furthermore, the results that would show the successfulness of these programs, as well. In additional, do the P4P programs meet their goals and how effective they are will be share in the research essay. Other components, that will be mention such as the impact on quality improvement, unintended or negative consequences, and implications for cost containment. Introduction The purpose of this research essay is to discuss aspects of pay for performance from a positive and negative perspective. As the health sector, continue to move toward a positive path, in efforts to improve the quality of care. This quality issue has and will continue to affect many Americans patients nationwide in a positive or negative way, based on, the quality care they are receiving. Therefore, health care providers and managed care organizations (MCO) are encouraged by the monetary incentive programs, in order to give prestige quality of care (Anderson, Rice, Komininski, 2007; Laureate Education, 2009). The strong components of payment policies, such as pay-for-performance (P4P) are aspects of health care services and the influence of patients choice; in which led to quality initiatives (Hillman, 1991). In addition, the factors will help to assess the need of care for patients, and the health organization, which is a positive reinforcement of quality initiatives. For instances, an intention of the incentives program like (P4P) would reward high-quality of care and permit growth in the way of becoming more efficient and effective; when servicing clients with their care needs (Teitelbaum Wilensky, 2007). Also, this quality initiative will help providers to figure out what they need to do; in order to continue to improve quality care procedures on a proficient level. The next step in the pay-for-performance (P4P) policy will permit health organizations JCI (2010) to benefit in aspects of financial incentives; through organizational principles. Therefore, the organizational leaders would produce documents to offer a reliable outline to carry out these accountabilities. For instances, health care organizational leaders must examine the national and worldwide norms that consist of human-beings right, quality initiatives, and professional principles when forming the framework. This pay for performance quality initiatives of services for patients, could JCI (2010) examine access, convey, patient-centred, discharge regulations; correctly bill for services; and help in resolution of conflicts, which financial incentives and payments measures maybe negotiation in patient services (JCI, 2010). Pay-for- performance programs quality initiatives were organized by governmental; Young, Conrad, and Fallot (2007) also the private ownerships and organizations, in which support the aspects of quality performances. Author suggests there are over 100 incentive programs; that focus on quality initiatives and preventive care for consumers (Young, Conrad, Fallot, 2007). Research suggests; the centres for Medicare and Medicaid services (CMS) are one of organizations that started the pay-for- performance programs (Anderson, Rice, Kominski; Teitelbaum Wilensky, 2007). Author suggests there is a lot of evidence, which implies the pay-for-performance incentive program has improved the overall quality of care initiative (Kuhmerker Hartman, 2007). Also, there is evidence that Jarlier and Charvet-Protat (2000) pay- for-performance quality initiatives, are profitable and can save in the long term for all health care services. Nevertheless, there will always be various negatives issues of barriers that hinder the quality care Datz, (2012); Galvin (2006) progress and growth of stronger incentives for quality advantage. The approach of the pay-for-performance has features that involve the amount of the incentive payment that result into, additional incentives such as of education, patient satisfaction, organizational information technology abilities, health providers level of performance, and diagnostics sources (Young, Conrad, Fallot, 2007). Furthermore, special interest groups seemed to be a particular alarm about the barriers that relates to the less effective method of (P4P) incentive programs, which have to do with the lack of those who do not invest in the continue quality initiatives for the delivery of health care (Young, Conrad Fallot, 2007; Dudley Rosenthal, 2006). Pay-for-performance impacts vary stakeholders, which involves all parties such as, health organizations, government, payers, medical providers, public, and private sectors, so the investment in the aspects of quality initiatives is crucial to the care process. Research suggests some payment incentives programs like (P4P) purpose is for cost containment (IOM, 2001). Also, the negative aspect of the pay-for-performance; there is no clear intention concerning making sure quality care initiatives, or improvement plan, in which relates to this program. Also, there should be some initiatives developed, such as perspectives and goals, in order to improve the aspects of the incentive payment of the health care services; which to provide IOM (2001) higher quality care and to focus on cost containment (IOM, 2001). In summary The positive aspect of health care delivery service can certainly be more effective through the pay-for-performance incentive programs. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of sustainability through this incentives program it has to be a constant arrangement, in which rewards quality of care effectiveness. In addition, all parties involved must be willing to help improve quality policies and make this initiative one of the focal points for the (P4P) programs. These arrangements could consist of fair adequate payment for excellence managerial services and that applies to the care process; which relates to financial incentives. Furthermore, to make sure that (P4P) programs meets its attended goals is to have other primary sources for recognizing and assessments for the performance initiatives, such as the Joint Commission, National Committee for quality assurance, and other agencies (Dudley and Rosenthal, 2006). A priority focus is to motivate and promote standards and firmed bylaws, in ord er to continuous to improve and maintain the quality of care initiatives through aspects of accreditation and licensure, in which would be a great addition to the perspective of the (P4P). Sources Andersen, R. M., Rice, T. H., Kominski, G. F. (2007). Changing the U.S. health care system: Key issues in health services policy and management (3rd ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Classen, D. C., Pestotnik, S. L., Evans, R., Lloyd, J, F., Burke, J. P. (1997). Adverse Drug Events in Hospitalized Patients: Excess Length of Stay, Extra Costs, and Attributable Mortality. JAMA. 277(4), 301-306. Clemmer, T. P., Vicki, J. S., Thomas, A. O., Susan, D. H. (1999). Results of a Collaborative Quality Improvement Program on Outcomes and Costs in a Tertiary Critical Care Unit. Crit. Care Med, 27(9):1768-74. Conrad, D., Wickizer, T., Maynard, C., Klastorin, T., Lessler, D., Ross, A., Soderstrom, N., Sullivan, S., Alexander, J., Travis, K. (1996). Managing Care, Incentives and Information: An Exploratory Look Inside the Black Box of Hospital Efficiency. Health Services Research, 31(3), 235-59. Datz, T. (2012). No improvement in patient outcomes seen in hospitals with pay-for-performance programs. Health Insurance Law Weekly. Retrieved from: http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/press-releases/2012-releases/pay-for-performance-patient-outcomes.html Dudley, R. A. Rosenthal, M. B. (2006). Pay for Performance: A decision guide for purchasers. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Retrieved from: http://www.ahrq.gov/qual/p4pguide.pdf Galvin, R. (2006). Pay-for-performance: Too much of a good thing? A conversation with Martin Roland. Health Affairs, 25, w412 w419. Hillman, A. L. (1991). Managing the Physician: Rules Versus Incentives. Health Affairs 10(4):138-46. Jarlier, A., Charvet-Protat, S. (2000). Can Improving Quality Decrease Hospital Costs? International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 12(2), 125-31. Joint Commission International, Inc. (2010). Joint Commission International Accreditation Standards for Hospitals. (4th ed.). Illinois, Chicago: Joint Commission International. Kuhmerker, K. Hartman, T. (2007). Pay-for-performance in state Medicaid programs: A survey of state directors and programs. The Commonwealth Fund. Retrieved October 24, 2012 from: http://www.commonwealthfund.org/Publications/Fund-Reports/2007/Apr/Pay-for-Performance-in-State-Medicaid-ProgramsA-Survey-of-State-Medicaid-Directors-and-Programs.aspx Laureate Education, Inc. (Executive Producer). (2009).  Health  Policy.  Access Challenges Baltimore, MD:  Author:  Ã‚  (Dr. Gerald Kominski and Jim Lott). Institute of Medicine. (2001). Crossing the Quality Chasm: A New Health System for the 21st Century. National Academy of Sciences. Young, G.J., Conrad, D.A., Fallat, A. (2007). Practical issues in the design and implementation of pay-for-quality programs. Journal of Healthcare Management, 52(1), 10-19.

Perceptions in Matthew Arnolds Dover Beach Essay -- Matthew Arnold Do

Perceptions in Matthew Arnold's Dover Beach Matthew Arnold’s â€Å"Dover beach† describe the way in which perceptions are mislead society. The use of metaphors, symbolisms, allusiveness, technical quantities, and imagery assist the speaker’s thought regards between what is seen and what is real. Dover beach was written during Victorian era. Which brought civilization based on industry, value and money. This is the time which people start questioning the existence of God. The speaker observed the plight of Victorian era. And he sought an answer to the problems which he and world faced with. Arnold express the dejection of lost civilization, anticipate its future, and try to acquire its solution The speaker begins straightway with visual and auditory imagery when describing â€Å" the sea is calm†. This image implies that there is a life out there but it is smothered by darkness. And the cliff is sparkling in the moonlight. The speaker invite his companion to â€Å"come to the window† (line6) to see the night air. He says this as the unending wave come in and go out back out again. His emotion bring feeling of sorrow. The speaker says even Sophocles a great Greek philosopher of the past heard his eternal sadness. The sea is coming in and going out. He thought of its like the struggles with life constant demand. The uses of metaphor when he call the faith of all people â€Å" the faith of the sea†(21). He says the world used to be full of faith. But now the speaker no longer believes that the world is in full of faith. He hear the wave but he only feels sorrow. So he need his loves’ for reassurance that everything will be all right, that he ca n trust her completely. However the tone underneath prevent hem to believed that. The poet is comparing the world in which we live to the perfect life we want to have. Finally the speaker says with out peace, love, and joy the world contain no goodness and uncertainty. Since we have no faith in God, we must have each other with war and darkness approaching. The theme that you must have faith in someone if not in God to help deal with the difficulties our world can create. In â€Å"Dover Beach†, Arnold uses an exquisitely calm ocean filled with tension to present a position of appearance verses reality. â€Å"Dover Beach† is about a beautifully calm sea, although when looking underneath the surface, it is a world full of hidden turbu... ...man did not, as the churches claimed, have a privileged place if earthly creation, as the image of God, but was merely part of an age-old biological process of the survival of the fittest. Rather than being a little lower than the angels, man was somewhat more developed than the ape. The theory was devastating and destroyed the Christian vocations of many. Perhaps the best way for the modern reader to gain some sense of the impact of this experience is to go to the poetry that grew out of the loss of religious belief Arnold’s plead is also his solution to a world of confusion and chaos. he believes, or optimistically wishes he could believe, that he can take refuge in an internal peace between him and his lover. By saying this, Arnold must believe there is no hope for civilization, and no solution to its problems. On a darkened plain the people cannot truly see what is going on, which draws back to Arnold’s idea that people of the Victorian Age acted without reflection. The darkness is caused by a chaotic world where truth is blind to those who look on it, and the people who look upon the world do not reflect on what they see. Thus, the darkness is attributed to confusion

Why Are Systematic Reviews Important Health And Social Care Essay

A systematic reappraisal is â€Å" [ a ] reappraisal of a clearly formulated inquiry that uses systematic and expressed methods to place, choose, and critically measure relevant research, and to roll up and analyze informations from the surveies that are included in the reappraisal. Statistical methods ( meta-analysis ) may or may non be used to analyze and summarize the consequences of the included surveies † ( Greens & A ; Higgins, 2005 ) . SRs are claimed to be the best beginning of grounds in clinical pattern and decision-making ( Cook et al, 1997 ) . They provide sum-ups of grounds from a myriad of primary surveies which focus on the same inquiries ( Cook et al, 1997, Sanchez-Meca & A ; Botello, 2010 ) by efficaciously pull offing and incorporating well big sum of bing information ( Mulrow, 1994 ) . An overview of available scientific grounds which addresses a specific job brand clip devouring procedure of reading single surveies unneeded and therefore, aid wellness atten tion professionals save their cherished clip ( Sanchez-Meca & A ; Botello, 2010 ) . By summarizing consequences of included research surveies into a individual statement, SRs provide greater advantage to clinicians in measuring grounds ( Stevens, 2001 ) . Furthermore, SRs resolve incompatibilities of surveies that discuss the same job but output confusing and conflicting consequences ( Stevens, 2001, Sanchez-Meca & A ; Botello, 2010 ) . Besides, SRs set up generalisability by measuring whether clinical findings are consistent across populations and scenes or vary harmonizing to peculiar subsets ( Mulrow, 1994, Stevens, 2001 ) . SRs have become progressively critical to a wide scope of stakeholders ( Moher et al, 2007 ) , peculiarly wellness attention suppliers, research workers and determination shapers ( Mulrow, 1994 ) . Health attention suppliers particularly clinicians read SRs to maintain abreast with their forte ( Swingler et al, 2003, Moher et Al, 2007 ) and to stay educated in wider facets of medical specialty ( Mulrow, 1994 ) . Health policy shapers and clinical guideline developers use SRs as get downing point in explicating clinical guidelines and statute laws ( Mulrow, 1994, Moher et Al, 2007 ) . As for some medical diaries, SRs are important as they serve as prerequisite grounds base tools to warrant the demand to carry on farther research ( Young & A ; Houltan, 2005 ) .2.2 Overall coverage quality of SRsOver the past few decennaries, SRs are being published yearly in progressively big Numberss ( Shea et al, 2002 ) . A survey conducted by Moher et Al ( 2007 ) showed that there are about 2500 SRs indexed yearly on Medline. However, there is relatively small bing informations on the coverage quality of SRs despite figure of SRs published is tremendous ( Shea et al, 2002 ) . Several earlier surveies concluded that quality of coverage of SRs was by and large hapless ( Sacks et Al, 1987. Mulrow et Al, 1987, Silagy, 1993, Mc. Alister et Al, 1999 ) . Sacks et Al ( 1987 ) evaluated the coverage quality of 86 meta-analyses of studies of randomised controlled tests published in English linguistic communication by taking into consideration 23 points covering six indispensable spheres, i.e. â€Å" survey design, combinability, control of prejudice, statistical analysis, sensitiveness analysis and application of consequences † . The consequences of the survey showed that coverage was by and large hapless, where merely 24 of 86 meta-analyses ( 28 % ) addressed all six spheres and of the 23 points, between 1 and 14 were satisfactorily reported ( average = 7.7, standard divergence = 2.7 ) ( Sacks et Al, 1987 ) . Another earlier rating of SRs by Mulrow et Al ( 1987 ) examined 50 reappraisals published between June 1985 and June 1986 in 4 major medical diaries and found that no individual reappraisal met all eight explicit standards of which the appraisal was based on, i.e. â€Å" purpose, informations designation, informations choice, cogency appraisal, quantitative synthesis, quality synthesis, drumhead and future directives † ( Mulrow et al, 1987 ) . An update of this survey affecting 158 reappraisals published in six general medical diaries in 1996 noted small betterment with merely 2 reappraisals met all 10 methodological standards and the average figure of standards fulfilled was one ( Mc. Alister et Al, 1999 ) . Silagy ( 1993 ) evaluated 28 reappraisals covering a broad scope of capable countries which were published in seven chief primary attention diaries in 1991 based on eight standards. The consequences of the survey showed that merely one one-fourth of the reappraisals scored 8 points out of 16 points ( 2 points allocated for each clearly reported standard, 1 point for each non clearly reported standard and 0 point for unreported standard ) ( Silagy et al, 1993 ) . More late, a survey by Jadad et Al ( 1998 ) concluded that Cochrane reappraisals have superior â€Å" methodological asperity † and are more on a regular basis updated compared with SRs or meta-analyses published in paper-based diaries. Oslen et Al ( 2001 ) assessed the quality of Cochrane reappraisals and noted that in general, there were no jobs or merely fiddling jobs found in most of the reappraisals. They studied 53 reappraisals published in issue 4 of the Cochrane Library in 1998 and found that major jobs were identified in 15 reappraisals ( 29 % ) , which correspond to the decision non to the full supported by the grounds in 9 reappraisals ( 17 % ) , unequal coverage in 12 reappraisals ( 23 % ) and â€Å" stylistic jobs † were recognized in 12 reappraisals ( 23 % ) ( Oslen et al, 2001 ) . Moher et Al ( 2007 ) examined the epidemiology and describing features of 300 SRs indexed in Medline during November 2004 and found that great differences exist between Cochrane reappraisals and non-Cochrane reappraisals in the coverage quality of several features. Main facets of SR methodological analysis were non reported in many non-Cochrane reappraisals, for case, merely 11 % of the reappraisals mentioned working from a protocol in the procedure of finishing the reappraisal. Besides, informations obtained from the survey suggested that the quality of coverage is inconsistent.2.3 SRs on herbal medical specialties for mental and behavioral upsets2.3.1 St John ‘s wort ( Hypericum perforatum ) for depressionHypericum infusions have been studied and included in clinical tests since the 1980s ( Linde et al, 2009 ) . Several systematic reappraisals published from 1995 to 2008 concluded that Hypericum infusions are more effectual compared with placebo and comparable to ( likewise e ffectual as ) criterion antidepressants in handling depressive upsets ( Linde et al, 1996, Kim et Al, 1999, Gaster & A ; Holroyd, 2000, Williams et Al, 2000, Whiskey et Al, 2001, Linde et Al, 2005, Clement et Al, 2006, Linde et Al, 2008 ) . However, some of the tests included in a few reappraisals ( Linde et al, 1996, Kim et Al, 1999, Gaster & A ; Holroyd, 2000, Williams et Al, 2000 ) were being criticised because they incorporated patients with really few and/or mild symptoms who did non run into the inclusion standards of major depression, were carried out by primary attention doctors who were deficiency of experience in depression research, and/or used low doses of comparator drugs ( Shelton et al, 2001 ) . Linde et Al ( 2005 ) conducted an update of antecedently completed reappraisal ( Linde et al, 1996 ) by including several new well-designed placebo-controlled tests where negative findings were found in some of the tests ( Shelton et al, 2001 ) . The consequences obtained aggravated new arguments on the efficaciousness of Hypericum infusions for intervention of depression and the analyses showed that effects of Hypericum infusions over placebo were less pronounced in surveies restricted to patients with major depression ( Linde et al, 2005 ) . In order to understate clinical heterogeneousness every bit good as to uncover the fact that about all new high-quality tests of Hypericum infusions are restricted to patients with major depression, another update of reappraisal ( Linde et al, 2008 ) was conducted by including several new well-designed tests restricted to patients with major depression. 29 tests were included in the survey. In nine larger tests and nine smaller tests affecting comparing of hypericum infusion with placebo, the combined response rate ratio ( RR ) obtained was 1.28 ( 95 % assurance interval ( CI ) , 1.10-1.49 ) and 1.87 ( 95 % CI, 1.22-2.87 ) severally. As for comparing with standard antidepressants, RRs were 1.02 ( 95 % CI, 0.90-1.15 ; 5 tests ) for tri- or tetracyclic antidepressants and 1.00 ( 95 % CI, 0.90-1.11 ; 12 tests ) for selective 5-hydroxytryptamines reuptake inhibitors ( SSRIs ) . Hence, it can be concluded that Hypericum infusions tested in the included test are more effectual than placebo and are likewise effectual as standard antidepressants in patients with major depression ( Linde et al, 2008 ) .2.3.2 AnxietyThere are SRs on three herbal medical specialties, i.e. kava infusion, valerian and Passiflora for anxiousness ( Pittler & A ; Ernst, 2003, Miyasaka et Al, 2006, Miyasaka et Al, 2007 ) . Merely survey conducted by Pittler & A ; Ernst ( 2003 ) found that kava infusion is more effectual than placebo in diagnostic interven tion of anxiousness despite the size of the consequence is little. Finding of SR carried by Miyasaka et Al ( 2006 ) comparing the effectivity of valerian with placebo and Valium for anxiousness showed that there is no important differences between valerian and placebo and between valerian and Valium in Hamilton Anxiety ( HAM-A ) entire tonss. Besides, a definite decision was unable to be drawn as there was merely a individual little survey with 36 patients available ( Miyasaka et al, 2006 ) . Miyasaka et Al ( 2007 ) conducted a SR by including 2 surveies to compare the effectivity of Passiflora with benzodiazepines, i.e. mexazolam and oxazolam severally in handling anxiousness. None of the survey was able to separate Passiflora from benzodiazepines in any of the result steps. Two possible grounds for this deficiency of statistical difference identified were the medicines were every bit effectual and deficient figure of surveies were included ( sample size was non big plenty ) ( Miya saka et al, 2007 ) .2.3.3 DementiaStrontium on three herbal medical specialties, i.e. Zhiling decoction, Yizhi capsule and Huperzine A for vascular dementedness found no converting grounds to back up the usage or effectivity of these herbs ( Jirong et al, 2004, Wu et Al, 2007, Hao et Al, 2009 ) . Jirong et Al ( 2004 ) found no suited randomised placebo-controlled tests and concluded that the available grounds was unequal to back up the usage of Zhiling decoction in the direction of vascular dementedness. Wu et Al ( 2007 ) conducted a SR of Yizhi capsule for vascular dementedness found no survey that met the inclusion standards and no grounds from randomised controlled tests to measure the potency of Yizhi capsule in handling vascular dementedness. SR conducted by Birks & A ; Grimley Evans ( 2009 ) to measure the efficaciousness of Gingko biloba for dementedness included 36 tests but most were little and the continuance was less than 3 months. More recent tests with longer continuance showed inconsistent consequences for knowledge and activities of day-to-day life when comparing Gingko biloba with placebo and 1 of the tests reported big intervention effects in favor of Gingko biloba ( Birks & A ; Grimley Evans, 2009 ) . Another SR conducted by Weinmann et Al ( 2010 ) which included 9 tests with 2372 patients found that Gingko biloba appeared to be more effectual than placebo for dementedness. Datas obtained showed statistical important advantage of Gingko biloba compared with placebo in bettering knowledge every bit good as statistical important advantage of Gingko biloba compared with placebo in bettering activities of day-to-day life in subgroup of patients with Alzheimer ‘s disease. Consequences for quality of life and neuropsychiatric marks and symptoms were inconsistent ( Weinmann et al, 2010 ) .2.3.4 SchizophreniaA SR conducted by Rathbone et Al ( 2005 ) to reexamine Chinese herbal medical specialty, either being used entirely or as a portion of Traditional Chinese Medicine ( TCM ) attack for people with schizophrenic disorder found that Chinese herbal medical specialties, given in a Western biomedical context, may be good for people with schizophrenic disorder when combined with major tranquilizers.2.3.5 Insomnia/Sleep upsets2 of the SRs and/or meta-analyses of valerian for insomnia output inconclusive grounds of the benefit of valerian as a slumber assistance ( Stevinson & A ; Ernst, 2000, Bent et Al, 2006, Taibi et Al, 2007 ) . This was because the included surveies of these reappraisals presented great incompatibility across patients, experimental designs, processs and methodological quality ( Stevinson & A ; Ernst, 2000 ) . As for reappraisal conducted by Bent et Al ( 2006 ) , the surveie s included showed great heterogeneousness in footings of doses, readyings and length of intervention. Taibi et Al ( 2007 ) conducted a SR to analyze the grounds of valerian for insomnia and found that overall grounds did non back up the clinical efficaciousness of valerian as a slumber assistance. A meta-analysis including 18 randomised controlled tests was conducted by Fernandez-San-Martin et Al ( 2010 ) and the qualitative dichotomous consequences showed that valerian was effectual for subjective betterment of insomnia. However, the effectivity of valerian was non demonstrated with quantitative measurings ( Fernandez-San-Martin et Al, 2010 ) .2.4 Characteristics and Quality of SRs of herbal medical specialtiesHarmonizing to Linde et Al ( 2003 ) , â€Å" descriptive empirical surveies † on SRs are comparatively uncommon. Linde et Al ( 2003 ) conducted a research to analyze the features and quality of SRs on stylostixis, herbal medical specialties and homeopathy by including 115 SRs with 58 SRs on herbal medical specialties. The features and quality of the included SRs examined are summarised in the tabular arraies below ( Table 2.1 & A ; 2.2 ) . Table 2.1 Characteristics of included SRs ( Linde et al, 2003 ) Characteristic E.g. ( s ) Bibliographic features Year of publication Question Narrow intercession focal point Condition reviewed Psychiatric Information on inclusion standards Explicit inclusion standards sing patients/condition ; of import inclusion standards, e.g. merely placebo-controlled tests Literature hunt Explicitly in Medline Others Methods ; consequences and decision Table 2.2 Quality of included SRs ( Linde et al, 2003 ) Items reviewed Search methods reported Comprehensive hunt Inclusion standards reported Choice prejudice avoided Cogency standards reported Methods for uniting reported Findingss combined suitably Decisions supported by informations Some restrictions encountered in the survey were discussed, for illustration, restrictions in resources doing half of the reappraisals were extracted and assessed by merely 1 referee and there was great heterogeneousness across some of the included reappraisals. Therefore, it was suggested that the analysis of the informations merely served to give an overall position of the descriptive epidemiology of available SRs on herbal medical specialties and there is still plenty room for betterment in future SRs conducted on herbal medical specialties ( Linde et al, 2003 ) .2.5 Guidance/appraisal tools to measure coverage quality of SRsThe increasing popularity and utility of SRs urged the studies of SRs to be â€Å" clear, accurate and crystalline † ( Moher, 2008 ) . Despite there are some betterment in the coverage of SRs, the quality of coverage is still inconsistent ( Moher et al, 2007 ) . Therefore, it is of paramount importance to follow describing criterion or coverage checklis t ( Wiesler & A ; McGauran, 2010 ) . QUOROM ( QUality Of Reporting Of Meta-analyses ) statement, which serves as a criterion to heighten the coverage quality of â€Å" meta-analyses of randomised controlled tests ( RCTs ) † was developed in 1996. QUOROM checklist consists of a sum of 20 headers and subheadings and describes the preferable ways of coverage of meta-analyses in footings of abstract, debut, methods, consequences and treatment ( Moher et al, 1999 ) . Table 2.3 Quality of coverage of meta-analyses Heading Subheading Descriptor* Reported? ( Y/N ) Page figure Title Abstraction There are 6 points, i.e. aims, informations beginnings, reappraisal methods, consequences and decision Introduction Methods There are 6 points, i.e. searching, choice, cogency appraisal, informations abstraction, survey features and quantitative informations synthesis. Consequences There are 3 points, i.e. test flow, survey features and quantitative informations synthesis Discussion *Detailed form please refers to Moher et Al ( 1999 ) . Beginning: Moher et Al, 1999 QUOROM statement was revised and renamed PRISMA ( Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reappraisals and Meta-Analyses ) statement ( Moher et al, 2009 ) . PRISMA checklist consists of 27 points ( see Appendix 5 for elaborate checklist points ) . PRISMA checklist differs from QUOROM checklist in a few facets as shown by the tabular array below ( Table 2.4 ) . Table 2.4 Substantive specific alterations between the QUOROM checklist and the PRISMA checklist ( a tick indicates the presence of the subject in QUOROM or PRISMA ) Section/topic and point QUOROM PRISMA Comment* Abstraction Introduction: Aim Methods: Protocol Search Appraisal of hazard of prejudice in included surveies Appraisal of hazard of prejudice across surveies Discussion Funding *Detailed remark please refers to Moher et Al ( 2009 ) . Beginning: Moher et Al, 2009

ACT Trigonometry The Complete Guide

ACT Trigonometry The Complete Guide SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Trigonometry is the branch of math that deals with right triangles and the relationships between their sides and angles. (The word "trig" is related to the word "triangle," to help you remember.) There will generally be around 4-6 questions questions on the ACT that deal with trigonometry (the official ACT guidelines say that trigonometry problems make up 7% of the test). They may seem complicated at first glance, but most of them boil down to a few simple concepts. This article will be your comprehensive guide to the trigonometry you’ll need to know for the ACT. We’ll take you through the meaning of trigonometry, the formulas and understandings you’ll need to know, and how to tackle some of the most difficult ACT trig problems. What is Trigonometry and How Do I Use It? Trigonometry studies the relationships between the sides and angles of right triangles. The ratios between the measures of the sides of a right triangle and the measures of its angles are consistent, no matter how large or small the triangle. Some of the many different possible types of right triangles. If you know one side measure and one non-90 ° angle of the right triangle, you will be able to determine the rest of the triangle’s sides and angles. And if you have the lengths of two sides of a right triangle, you will be able to find the measure of all the interior angles. If we have two side lengths, we can use the Pythagorean theorem to find the third. So $12^2+14^2=c^2$ $c^2=340$ $c=√340$ or $c=2√85$ But what if we only have one side length and the measure of one of the (non-ninety degree) angles? Even though we only have the length of one side, we can still find the others using trigonometry because we have the measure of one of the acute angles. So here, we could say $sin 34 ° =12/\hypotenuse\$ So $\hypotenuse\ = 12/{sin 34 °}$ Don't worry if this doesn't make sense to you yet! We'll break down each step as we go further into the guide. (Note: to find the actual degree measure of an angle using two side lengths, you would have to perform an inverse function calculation (also called an "arc" function). But DON’T WORRY- the ACT will never actually make you do this! In terms of your ACT math prep, understand that the test will only ever ask you to calculate far enough to say, for example, "$Cosineâ€Å'x=4/5$." You will never have to find the actual angle measure of x on the ACT. The way we find these measures is by understanding the ratio of certain sides of the triangle to their corresponding angles. These are called trigonometric functions and there are three that you should memorize for the ACT: sine, cosine, and tangent. The easiest way to understand this is through the mnemonic device SOH, CAH, TOA, which we will discuss in a bit./p Trigonometry is widely used in navigation as well as in calculating heights and distances. (In case you were wondering if you ever needed trig in real life.) The Most Common ACT Trig Questions The trigonometry questions on the ACT will fall into just a few different categories. We have provided a few real ACT math examples to demonstrate each concept. #1: Finding the sine, cosine, or tangent (or, more rarely, cosecant, secant, or cotangent) of an angle from a given right triangle diagram. #2: Finding the sine, cosine, or tangent of a right triangle from a word problem. Alex props up a ladder against a wall. The ladder makes an angle of 23 ° from the ground. If the ladder is 10 feet long, what is the expression for finding the distance the foot of the ladder is from the wall? A. 10 $â€Å'tanâ€Å'23 °$ B. 10 $â€Å'sinâ€Å'23 °$ C. 10 $â€Å'cosâ€Å'23 °$ D. $cosâ€Å'{10/23}$ E. $sin{10/23}$ #3: Finding the sine, cosine, or tangent (or, more rarely, cosecant, secant, or cotangent) of an angle from a given sin, cos, or tan and a range in which the angle falls. If $tanâ€Å'ÃŽËœ=3/4 \and 180 °ÃŽËœ270 °$, what is $sinÃŽËœ$? A. $4/3$ B. $-4/3$ C. $-3/4$ D. $3/5$ E. $-3/5$ #4: Finding the period or amplitude of a graph. What is the amplitude of the graph? A. 1 B. 2 C. Ï€ D. 2Ï€ E. 0 #5: Law of sines or law of cosines question. For a question like this, they will give you the formulas for the law of sines or law of cosines, so you don’t have to worry about memorizing them. Having the formula won’t help you much, however, if it looks or sounds like gibberish to you. As you go through this guide, do the ACT math practice questions we've provided, and familiarize yourself with the trigonometry language used in these questions, they will become much easier to solve. We’ll go through how to solve each of these kinds of problems, but this gives you a sense of what the ACT trig problems will look like on the test. SOH, CAH, TOA Remember this famous mnemonic? It will save your life. Let's go through each one. SOH (Sine) Sine is a function where the sine (also called "sin") value of an angle theta can be found by using the ratio of the side of the triangle opposite the angle theta over the hypotenuse of the triangle. SOH: Sin $ÃŽËœ$ = Opposite side of triangle/Hypotenuse of triangle So in this triangle, $sinâ€Å'ÃŽËœ=b/c$ because the side opposite the angle $ÃŽËœ$ is b and the hypotenuse is c. CAH (Cosine) Cosine is a function where the cosine (also called "$cos$") value of an angle theta ($ÃŽËœ$) can be found by using the ratio of the side of the triangle adjacent to the angle $ÃŽËœ$ (that is not the hypotenuse) over the hypotenuse of the triangle. CAH: Cos $ÃŽËœ$ = Adjacent side of triangle/Hypotenuse of triangle Note: adjacent means the side of the triangle that is touching the angle/helps to create the angle $ÃŽËœ$. In this same triangle, $cosâ€Å'ÃŽËœ=a/c$ because the side adjacent the angle $ÃŽËœ$ is a and the hypotenuse is c. TOA (Tangent) Tangent is a function where the tangent (also called "tan") value of an angle theta can be found by using the ratio of the side of the triangle opposite the angle theta over the adjacent side of the triangle to theta (that is not the hypotenuse). TOA: Tan $ÃŽËœ$ = Opposite side of triangle/Adjacent side of triangle. In this same triangle, $tanâ€Å'ÃŽËœ=b/a$ because the side opposite the angle $ÃŽËœ$ is b and adjacent side is a. Now that you are familiar with your mnemonic devices, you can put together questions with multiple steps. For example, a slightly more difficult question may look something like this: You are given the lengths of two sides of the triangle but need the length of the third side to solve the problem. Don’t forget that this is a right triangle and you can use the Pythagorean theorem to find the length of the third side! So $2^2+x^2+5^2$ $x^2=21$ $x=√21$ Now that you have the measure of the third side, you can find $tanâ€Å'B$. $Tanâ€Å'B=\Opposite/\Adjacent$ $TanB=√21/2$ So the answer is F, $√21/2$ Which Sides are Opposite or Adjacent? The hypotenuse of a triangle always stays the same, but the sides opposite or adjacent switch depending on the angle of focus. For example, if you’re trying to find the $sin$ of angle $ÃŽ ³$, you would use the ratio of $b/c$; if you’re trying to find the sin of angle $ÃŽ ¾$, you would use the ratio of $a/c$. How Do I Use These Ratios? For the purposes of the ACT, you will either be given two side lengths, which means your final answer would look like: $Sin ÃŽËœ = \opposite/\hypotenuse$ Here, you find the length of the third side using the Pythagorean theorem. So $10^2+x^2=12^2$ $x^2=44$ $x=√44$ Now $sin$ = $\opposite/\hypotenuse$, so $sinâ€Å'M=√44/12$. So the answer is K. No need to find the degree measure (arcsine or inverse sine) of angle M on your calculator- this is as far as you need to go. You may also be given the value of the angle and the side length of the denominator of your ratio. When this happens, manipulate the equation as you would algebraic equation and multiply the opposite side by the denominator. $sin ÃŽËœ = \opposite/\hypotenuse$ $hypotenuse$*sinÃŽËœ =$ opposite Since you're being asked for the length of the boat to the dock and this side is opposite the 52 ° angle, you know you will either need sin or tan (cos uses adjacent and hypotenuse, not opposite). You are also given an adjacent length, 30 miles, so you will be using tan. (You can tell this side is adjacent because the side opposite the 90 ° angle is the hypotenuse, so 30 miles must be another leg of the triangle). $tanâ€Å'ÃŽËœ=\opposite/\adjacent$ So $tanâ€Å'52 °=x/30$ 30â€Å' $tanâ€Å'52 °=x$ So the answer is F, the length of the boat to the dock is 30 tan 52 °. And again with the word problem from earlier. Alex props up a ladder against a wall. The ladder makes an angle of 23 ° from the ground. If the ladder is 10 feet long, what is the expression for finding the distance the foot of the ladder is from the wall? A. 10 â€Å'$tanâ€Å'23 °$ B. 10â€Å' $sinâ€Å'23 °$ C. 10 $â€Å'cosâ€Å'23 °$ D. $cosâ€Å'10/23$ E. $sinâ€Å'10/23$ First, draw your picture to more easily visualize what is being asked. So we have the measure between the ladder and the ground of $23 °$. We are also working with the lengths of the adjacent side of the triangle and the hypotenuse. This means we will need cosine, as $cosâ€Å'ÃŽËœ=\opposite/\hypoteneuse$ So $cosâ€Å'23 °=\adjacent/10$ (Why 10? The ladder is 10 feet long) This becomes 10 $â€Å'cosâ€Å'23 °=\adjacent$ So the answer is C, 10 $â€Å'cosâ€Å'23 °$ Will I Have to Find the Measure of an Angle? The short answer is: no, you won't be asked to find exact measure of an angle degree using trigonometry. The longer answer is: no, you won't be asked to find the measure of an angle, but it's important to know it's done. To get the actual degree measure of theta (ÃŽËœ), you would have to perform an inverse (also called "arc") function. This would transform your equation from, for example: $Sinâ€Å'ÃŽËœ=x/y$ $ÃŽËœ=sin^{−1}(x/y)$ Although you will never be asked to find the $arctan$, $arcsin$, or $arccos$ of an angle to solve for the actual angle measure degree, it is important for you to understand how these equations are manipulated to get to the right ACT answer. Because we know that $tan^{−1}(a/b)$ is the arctan, we know that it means we can re-write it as $tanâ€Å'ÃŽËœ=a/b$ We also know that $tanâ€Å'ÃŽËœ=\opposite/\adjacent$ This means that, for the angle $ÃŽËœ$, a is the opposite and b is the adjacent. We also know that $cosâ€Å'ÃŽËœ=\adjacent/\hypoteneuse$ Because we already discovered that b is the adjacent, it means that the answer is D, $b/{√(a^2+b^2)}$ When are Sin, Cos, and Tan Positive or Negative? Depending on where the triangle is positioned in two dimensional space, the sin, cos, and tan values will be negative or positive. There are four quadrants in two dimensional space and they are split along the x and y axes. In quadrant I, both x and y are positive. In quadrant II, x is negative and y is positive In quadrant III, both x and y are negative And in quadrant IV, x is positive and y is negative Just like with x and y values, sin, cos, and tan are either positive or negative depending on the quadrant the triangle/angle is in. In quadrant I, all are positive In quadrant II, sin is positive and both cos and tan are negative In quadrant II, tan is positive and both sin and cos are negative In quadrant IV, cos is positive and both sin and tan are negative A good way to memorize this is by the mnemonic acronym ASTC- All Students Take Chemistry- to see which of the functions is positive, depending on the quadrant. So All are positive in quadrant I, Sin is positive in quadrant II, Tan is positive in quadrant III, and Cos is positive in quadrant IV If $tanâ€Å'ÃŽËœ=3/4$ and $180 °ÃŽËœ270 °$, what is $sinÃŽËœ$? A. $4/3$ B. $−4/3$ C. $-3/4$ D. $3/5$ E. $-3/5$ To solve this problem, first complete the side lengths of the triangle using the Pythagorean theorem (or using your knowledge of 3-4-5 triangles). $Tan ÃŽËœ = \opposite/\adjacent$, so we know that 3 is our opposite and 4 is our adjacent. This makes our hypotenuse unknown. $3^2+4^2=c^2$ $c^2=25$ $c=5$ So our hypotenuse is 5. We know that $sin ÃŽËœ = \opposite/\hypotenuse$. So $sinâ€Å'ÃŽËœ=3/5$. But wait! We're not done. Because they told us that $ÃŽËœ$ lies between $180 °$ and $270 °$, we know that the sin value of $ÃŽËœ$ is negative. According to ASTC, only the tan of angle $ÃŽËœ$ will be positive between $180 °$ and $270 °$. So our final answer is E,$-3/5$ Secondary Trig Functions On rare occasions on the ACT, you will be asked to give one of the secondary trig functions. These are cosecant, secant, and cotangent. These will come up on a maximum of one question per test. You might notice that they sound similar to the primary trig functions you learned above. In fact, these secondary functions are the reciprocal (reversal) of sin, cos, and tangent. To help you remember which is which, look to the third letter of the each word: Cosecant = reciprocal of sine Secant = reciprocal of cosine Cotangent = reciprocal of tangent Cosecant Cosecant is the reciprocal of sine. $Cosecant ÃŽËœ = \hypotenuse/\opposite$ Secant Secant is the reciprocal of cosine. $Secant ÃŽËœ = \hypotenuse/\adjacent$ Cotangent Cotangent is the reciprocal of tangent. $Cotangent ÃŽËœ = \adjacent/\opposite$ Useful Formulas with Sin, Cos, and Tan There are two formulas that will appear occasionally on the ACT. If you feel that you cannot possibly memorize any more trigonometry, do not worry about memorizing these- they will only ever come up on a maximum of one question per test. But if you want to get every last point possible, then these would be useful for you to memorize. $Sin^2{ÃŽËœ}+cos^2{ÃŽËœ}=1$ Whenever you see $sin^2{ÃŽËœ}+cos^2{ÃŽËœ}$, immediately replace it with 1. This will often make problems much simpler and therefore easier to solve. You can also manipulate the equation around just as you would any other algebraic equation. So $cos^2{ÃŽËœ}=1-sin^2{ÃŽËœ}$, and $sin^2{ÃŽËœ}=1-cos^2{ÃŽËœ}$ They told us that $x$ is between 0 and $Ï€/2$ radians, so we know that both sin and cos are positive (because it is in quadrant I). We also know that $Sin^2{ÃŽËœ}+cos^2{ÃŽËœ}=1$ which means that $sin^2{ÃŽËœ}=1-cos^2{ÃŽËœ}$. So if we square the first fraction (to get rid of the square root sign), we would have: $({√{1-cos^2{x}}}/{sinx})^2$ $(1-cos^2{x})/(sin^2{x})$ Because $1−cos^2{ÃŽËœ}$ is equal to $sin^2{ÃŽËœ}$, we can replace our $1−cos^2{x}$ with $sin^2{x}$ This gives us $(sin^2{x})/(sin^2{x})$, which equals 1. We can do the exact same process to the second fraction: $({√{1-sin^2{x}}}/{cosx})^2$ $(1-sin^2{x})/(cos^2{x})$ $(cos^2{x})/(cos^2{x})$, which also equals 1. So then we have 1 + 1 = 2 The final answer is H, 2. $$(sinâ€Å'ÃŽËœ)/(cosâ€Å'ÃŽËœ)=tanâ€Å'ÃŽËœ$$ This equation makes sense logically if you think about it with a diagram. Say you have a triangle that looks like this $Sin ÃŽËœ$ would be $5/13$. $Cos ÃŽËœ$ would be $12/13$. $Tan ÃŽËœ$ would be $5/12%. You could also say $tanâ€Å'ÃŽËœ={sinâ€Å'ÃŽËœ}/{cosâ€Å'ÃŽËœ}={5/14}/{12/13}=(5/13)(13/12)=65/156$ (you could also just cancel out both 13s to make it simpler) = $5/12$ Graphing Trig Functions The ACT will not ask you to graph a trig function, but you do need to recognize what each function looks like as a graph. Sine The sine graph crosses through the origin in a wave pattern. It always rises after $x = 0$, after it crosses the origin. It is an "odd" function because it is not symmetrical about the y-axis. Cosine The cosine graph is similarly "wavy" but it does not cross the origin. It descends after $x = 0$. It might help you to remember that cosine descends after x = 0 by thinking that "co is low" Cosine is an "even" function because it is symmetrical about the y-axis. This means that for all values of $x$, $f(x) = f(-x)$. For example, in the graph above, $y = 0.7$ both when $x = 1$ and when $x = -1$ Sometimes all the question will ask is for you to identify if a graph is even or odd or if a graph is sin or cos. This will be an easy point for you to get if you can remember the basic elements of trig graphs. Though you can figure this question out from the information given, it will take far less time if you can recognize that the graph is a cosine graph and is therefore even. And on the ACT, time is limited and valuable. Tangent The tangent graph looks very different than the sin and cos graphs- you just have to be able to recognize the tangent graph when you see it. Periods and Amplitudes The ACT will sometimes ask you to find the period or the amplitude of a sine or cosine graph. Period The period of a graph is the distance along the x-axis at which point the graph starts to repeat. Find the distance along the x-axis where the point returns to where it started after making a complete cycle. The period of the sine graph here is 2Ï€. It has to go both up and down before finally returning to $y = 0$. The period of the cosine graph here is also 2Ï€. It must go down and then back up to return to where it began at $y = 1$. Amplitude The amplitude of a graph is its height from the x-axis, the distance between its highest $y$-value and $x = 0$. So to use the same graph as above: Both the sine and the cosine have an amplitude of 1 (and, again, a period of 2Ï€). Radians Radians are another (more accurate) way to measure a distance around a circle, rather than using degrees. Instead of degrees, radians are expressed in terms of Ï€ (and fractions of Ï€). If you have a complete circle, that is 360 degrees. It is also 2Ï€ radians. Why 2Ï€ radians? Well, think of the formula for the circumference of a circle. C=2Ï€r. If your radius is 1, then your circumference is 2Ï€, which is the same as your radian measure. A circle that has a radius of 1 and is centered at the origin is called the "unit circle." It is convenient to think about radians by situating them on a unit circle. So if you have a half circle, it is 180 ° or Ï€ radians. And so on. 90 ° is $Ï€/2$ radians, 270 ° is $(3Ï€)/2$ radians. To convert degrees to radians, it is easiest to use the conversion between 180 ° and Ï€. Convert 45 ° to radians = $(45){Ï€/180}=Ï€/4$ â€Å'radians Convert $(3Ï€)/4$ radians to degrees = ${(3Ï€)/4}(180/Ï€)$=135 ° Steps to Approaching a Trig Question So let’s review how to break down a trig question #1: Identify if the problem requires trigonometry. You can tell that the problem will require trig when: The problem mentions sin, cos, or tan in the question or in the answer options The problem gives you a diagram or describes a right triangle and then asks you to find a value that cannot be found by using the pythagorean theorem alone. As we saw in this problem earlier- you may use the pythagorean theorem in a trigonometry problem, but you cannot solve a trig problem by only using the pythagorean theorem. The problem shows you a "wavy" graph along the x and y axis The problem asks for a graph’s period or amplitude #2: Remember SOH, CAH, TOA. The vast majority of ACT trig questions will just require you to plug in values into the SOH, CAH, TOA acronyms to find your sine, cosine, or tangent values #3: Know how to manipulate SOH, CAH, TOA if need be. Trig functions can be manipulated just like any algebraic expression. So if you have $cosâ€Å'40 °=x/18$, the answer becomes 18â€Å' $cosâ€Å'40 °=x$ And if you have $sin^{−1}(10/23)=ÃŽËœ$, you could also say $sinâ€Å'ÃŽËœ=10/23$ If you have $(sinâ€Å'ÃŽËœ)/(cosâ€Å'ÃŽËœ)=tanâ€Å'ÃŽËœ$, it can become $(sinâ€Å'ÃŽËœ)=(tanâ€Å'ÃŽËœ)(cosâ€Å'ÃŽËœ)$ And if you remember that $sin^2{â€Å'ÃŽËœ}+cos^2{â€Å'ÃŽËœ}=1, then you can say $1−cos^2{â€Å'ÃŽËœ}=sin^2{â€Å'ÃŽËœ}, etc. #4:. Remember what the graphs of sine, cosine, and tangent look like. And know that: Period = horizontal distance Amplitude = vertical distance #5: Celebrate, because you’ve completed your ACT trig questions! The Take-Aways Although trigonometry problems may look intimidating, most every ACT trig question can be solved if you know the basic trig building blocks. To make the most of your ACT math prep, remember these three trig concepts: SOH, CAH, TOA, how to manipulate your equations, and how to recognize your function graphs. If you can remember these, you will find yourself solving most every trig question the ACT can throw at you. What's Next? Want more ACT math strategies and guides? Review our article on all the math topics tested on the ACT to make sure you've got them nailed down tight. Do you know your ACT solid geometry? Be sure to brush up if you're looking for every last point. Want to get a perfect ACT Math score? Check out our article on How to a 36 on the ACT Math Section by a 36 ACT-Scorer. Feeling overwhelmed? Don't know where to begin? Look no further than our articles on what is considered a good, bad, or excellent ACT score. Don't know what days the ACT is offered? Check out our complete list of ACT test dates to find the right one(s) for your schedule. And if you find yourself running out of time on the math section, look no further than our article on how to stop running out of time on the ACT math. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your SAT score by 160 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes what you study to your strengths and weaknesses. If you liked this Math strategy guide, you'll love our program. Along with more detailed lessons, you'll get thousands of practice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Check out our 5-day free trial:

The Best, Most Famous Plays by Harold Pinter

The Best, Most Famous Plays by Harold Pinter Born: October 10th, 1930 (London, England) Died: December 24th, 2008 â€Å"I’ve never been able to write a happy play, but I’ve been able to enjoy a happy life.† -Harold Pinter Comedy of Menace To say that Harold Pinter’s plays are unhappy is a gross understatement. Most critics have labeled his characters â€Å"sinister† and â€Å"malevolent.† The actions within his plays are bleak, dire, and purposely without purpose. The audience leaves bewildered with a queasy feeling – an uneasy sensation, as though you were supposed to do something terribly important, but you can’t remember what it was. You leave the theater a bit disturbed, a bit excited, and more than bit unbalanced. And that’s just the way Harold Pinter wanted you to feel. Critic Irving Wardle used the term, â€Å"Comedies of Menace† to describe Pinter’s dramatic work. The plays are fueled by intense dialogue that seems disconnected from any sort of exposition. The audience rarely knows the background of the characters. They don’t even know if the characters are telling the truth. The plays do offer a consistent theme: domination. Pinter described his dramatic literature as an analysis of â€Å"the powerful and the powerless.† Though his earlier plays were exercises in absurdity, his later dramas became overtly political. During the last decade of his life, he focused less on writing and more on political activism (of the left-wing variety). In 2005 he won the Nobel Prize for Literature. During his Nobel lecture he stated: â€Å"You have to hand it to America. It has exercised a quite clinical manipulation of power worldwide while masquerading as a force for universal good.† Politics aside, his plays capture a nightmarish electricity that jolts the theater. Here is a brief look at the best of Harold Pinter’s plays: The Birthday Party (1957) A distraught and disheveled Stanley Webber may or may not be a piano player. It may or may not be his birthday. He may or may not know the two diabolically bureaucratic visitors that have come to intimidate him. There are many uncertainties throughout this surreal drama. However, one thing is definite: Stanley is an example of a powerless character struggling against powerful entities. (And you can probably guess who is going to win.) The Dumbwaiter (1957) It has been said that this one act play was the inspiration for the 2008 film In Bruges. After viewing both the Colin Farrell movie and the Pinter play, it is easy to see the connections. â€Å"The Dumbwaiter† reveals the sometimes boring, sometimes anxiety-ridden lives of two hit men – one is a seasoned professional, the other is newer, less sure of himself. As they wait to receive orders for their next deadly assignment, something rather odd happens. The dumbwaiter at the back of the room continually lowers down food orders. But the two hit men are in a grungy basement – there’s no food to prepare. The more the food orders persist, the more the assassins turn on each other. The Caretaker (1959) Unlike his earlier plays, The Caretaker was a financial victory, the first of many commercial successes. The full-length play takes place entirely in a shabby, one-room apartment owned by two brothers. One of the brothers is mentally disabled (apparently from electro-shock therapy). Perhaps because he isn’t very bright, or perhaps out of kindness, he brings a drifter into their home. A powerplay begins between the homeless man and the brothers. Each character talks vaguely about things they want to accomplish in their life – but not one of the characters lives up to his word. The Homecoming (1964) Imagine you and your wife travel from America to your hometown in England. You introduce her to your father and working class brothers. Sounds like a nice family reunion, right? Well, now imagine your testosterone-mad relatives suggest that your wife abandon her three children and stay on as a prostitute. And then she accepts the offer! That’s the kind of twisted mayhem that occurs throughout Pinter’s devious Homecoming. Old Times (1970) This play illustrates the flexibility and fallibility of memory. Deeley has been married to his wife Kate for over two decades. Yet, he apparently does not know everything about her. When Anna, Kate’s friend from her distant bohemian days, arrives they begin talking about the past. The details are vaguely sexual, but it seems that Anna recalls having a romantic relationship with Deeley’s wife. And so begins a verbal battle as each character narrates what they remember about yesteryear – though it’s uncertain whether those memories are a product of truth or imagination.

Celebrities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Celebrities - Essay Example As a result, there are pros and cons when a company decides to contract a celebrity to be the face of its product or service. Celebrity endorsers are individuals who are known to the public for achievements in areas other than that of the product-category endorsed. The individual enjoys public acknowledgement and who uses this acknowledgement on behalf of a product or service by appearing with it in an advertisement. As well as promoting established brands, celebrity endorsers are used to promulgate new brand images, reposition brands or introduce new ones (Pride, 2013). The use of celebrities has become a common practice for companies competing in today’s cluttered media environment, with one in five marketing campaigns now featuring celebrities. The use of celebrities as endorsers tends to create, attempts to create positive effects in the minds of consumers, operating alongside consumers’ owned culturally formed meanings. Companies invest large sums of money to align their brands and themselves with endorsers. The rising popularity of this phenomenon is due to increasing consumer consciousness and new product proliferation, and encouraging marketers to use attention-creating media stars to assist in product marketing. Initially, the use of celebrity endorsers seemed to be an all-gain/no-risk situation, but as with any dynamic marketing communication strategy, there are potential hazards (Dietrich & Livingston, 2012). Hence, before a company embarks on the process of hiring celebrity endorsers to market its product and services, it ought to critically analyze the pros and cons of using this kind of marketing strategy. Nike is one of the companies that have enlisted the services of celebrity to market its new elite speed mercurial vapor playing boots currently worn by Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi. Pros of celebrity endorsers Celebrity endorsers can create positive buzz and attract both new customers and investors. The exposure companies can get by associating by their products with a celebrity is such a lucrative opportunity such that businesses often give away products in the hope of attracting celebrity interest. Furthermore, celebrity endorsers help to increase mainstream exposure. Most companies are aware the Western culture is infatuated with celebrities. Hence, for a company that has just gained a foothold of the market, the use of a celebrity figure will enable the company to drive a lot of eyeballs towards its product or service. The use of celebrity endorsers will help to increase the credibility of the product. Even though there are celebrities that have developed a love to hate relationship with members of the public, their appearance in various products can help to generate the appearance of credibility for both developing and established companies. A lot of consumers prefer to use that product or service that has a celebrity on it since it signifies that the product has something worth checking out. The u se of celebrity endorsers tends to generate compelling content, which has often, proved to be an elusive aspect for content-driven businesses. As a result, the use of celebrities will enable the company to produce the type of content that can hardly be bought regardless of the amount of money that the company intends to use in marketing the product or servic

Aristotles Nicomachean Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Aristotles Nicomachean Ethics - Essay Example Base and corrupt thoughts are not friendly, thus an individual does not feel that way within themselves. Since corrupt people think all others are like themselves, or seek out other corrupt people, they are not friendly with others as well as themselves. Finally, corrupt people think that harmful practices are normal. A prostitute thinks that selling sex is normal. Thieves think stealing is alright. If these practices are morally acceptable to an individual, then when these actions are done to them it is assumed to be normal. Thus a base person is no friend to themselves. A true friend will stop harmful actions, but the corrupt person does not know right and wrong. True friends help one another out. If a person is corrupt, the goal is to only help oneself. It is abnormal not to help another for healthy individuals, but normal for corrupt people. How people treat others is what becomes acceptable for them. Even morally bankrupt individuals have a compass telling them right from wrong. This compass in corrupt individuals affirms negative behavior. The negative behavior is normal to these people. If they could treat themselves better, treating other people better would not be a problem. That is what Aristotle was trying to